Eukaryotic genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Possible alternative explanations.

1 Kimbrell, D.A. and Beutler, B. (2001) The evolution and genetics of innate immunity. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 256–267 2 Otvos, L. Jr (2000) Antibacterial peptides isolated from insects. J. Pept. Sci. 6, 497–511 3 Cociancich, S. et al. (1993) Insect defensin, an inducible antibacterial peptide, forms voltage-dependent channels in Micrococcus luteus. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19239–19245 4 Maget-Dana, R. and Ptak, M. (1997) Penetration of the insect defensin A into phospholipid monolayers and formation of defensin A-lipid complexes. Biophys. J. 73, 2527–2533 5 Matsuyama, K. and Natori, S. (1990) Mode of action of sapecin, a novel antibacterial protein of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly). J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 108, 128–132 6 Risso, A. (2000) Leukocyte antimicrobial peptides: multifunctional effector molecules of innate immunity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 68, 785–792 7 Hanzawa, H. et al. (1990) 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study of the solution conformation of an antibacterial protein, sapecin. FEBS Lett. 269, 413–420 8 Bonmatin, J.M. et al. (1992) Two-dimensional 1H NMR study of recombinant insect defensin A in water: resonance assignments, secondary structure and global folding. J. Biomol. NMR 2, 235–256 9 Cornet, B. et al. (1995) Refined three-dimensional solution structure of insect defensin A. Structure 3, 435–448 10 Yang, Y.S. et al. (2000) Solution structure and activity of the synthetic four-disulfide bond Mediterranean mussel defensin (MGD-1). Biochemistry 39, 14436–14447 11 Froy, O. and Gurevitz, M. (1998) Membrane potential modulators: a thread of scarlet from plants to humans. FASEB J. 12, 1793–1796 12 Mitta, G. et al. (2000) Mytilin B and MGD2, two antimicrobial peptides of marine mussels: gene structure and expression analysis. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 24, 381–393 13 Nakajima, Y. et al. (2002) Antibacterial peptide defensin is involved in midgut immunity of the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata. Insect Mol. Biol. 11, 611–618 14 Dimarcq, J.L. et al. (1994) Characterization and transcriptional profiles of a Drosophila gene encoding an insect defensin. A study in insect immunity. Eur. J. Biochem. 221, 201–209 15 Cho, W.L. et al. (1997) Molecular characterization of a defensin gene from the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 27, 351–358 16 Eggleston, P. et al. (2000) Genomic organization and immune regulation of the defensin gene from the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Insect Mol. Biol. 9, 481–490 17 Munks, R.J. et al. (2001) Regulation of midgut defensin production in the blood-sucking insect Stomoxys calcitrans. Insect Mol. Biol. 10, 561–571 18 Patthy, L. (1999) Genome evolution and the evolution of exon-shuffling – a review. Gene 238, 103–114 19 Sudhof, T.C. et al. (1985) The LDL receptor gene: a mosaic of exons shared with different proteins. Science 228, 815–822 20 Long, M. (2001) Evolution of novel genes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11, 673–680 21 Patthy, L. (1994) Introns and exons. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 4, 383–392